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1. CMB Online first

Akbari, Saieed; Miraftab, Babak; Nikandish, Reza
 Co-Maximal Graphs of Subgroups of Groups Let $H$ be a group. The co-maximal graph of subgroups of $H$, denoted by $\Gamma(H)$, is a graph whose vertices are non-trivial and proper subgroups of $H$ and two distinct vertices $L$ and $K$ are adjacent in $\Gamma(H)$ if and only if $H=LK$. In this paper, we study the connectivity, diameter, clique number and vertex chromatic number of $\Gamma(H)$. For instance, we show that if $\Gamma(H)$ has no isolated vertex, then $\Gamma(H)$ is connected with diameter at most $3$. Also, we characterize all finite groups whose co-maximal graphs are connected. Among other results, we show that if $H$ is a finitely generated solvable group and $\Gamma(H)$ is connected and moreover the degree of a maximal subgroup is finite, then $H$ is finite. Furthermore, we show that the degree of each vertex in the co-maximal graph of a general linear group over an algebraically closed field is zero or infinite. Keywords:co-maximal graphs of subgroups of groups, diameter, nilpotent group, solvable groupCategories:05C25, 05E15, 20D10, 20D15

2. CMB Online first

Karpenko, Nikita A.
 Incompressibility of products of pseudo-homogeneous varieties We show that the conjectural criterion of $p$-incompressibility for products of projective homogeneous varieties in terms of the factors, previously known in a few special cases only, holds in general. Actually, the proof goes through for a wider class of varieties which includes the norm varieties associated to symbols in Galois cohomology of arbitrary degree. Keywords:algebraic groups, projective homogeneous varieties, Chow groups and motives, canonical dimension and incompressibilityCategories:20G15, 14C25

3. CMB 2016 (vol 59 pp. 234)

Beardon, Alan F.
 Non-discrete Frieze Groups The classification of Euclidean frieze groups into seven conjugacy classes is well known, and many articles on recreational mathematics contain frieze patterns that illustrate these classes. However, it is only possible to draw these patterns because the subgroup of translations that leave the pattern invariant is (by definition) cyclic, and hence discrete. In this paper we classify the conjugacy classes of frieze groups that contain a non-discrete subgroup of translations, and clearly these groups cannot be represented pictorially in any practical way. In addition, this discussion sheds light on why there are only seven conjugacy classes in the classical case. Keywords:frieze groups, isometry groupsCategories:51M04, 51N30, 20E45

4. CMB 2016 (vol 59 pp. 244)

Cao, Wensheng; Huang, Xiaolin
 A Note on Quaternionic Hyperbolic Ideal Triangle Groups In this paper, the quaternionic hyperbolic ideal triangle groups are parameterized by a real one-parameter family $\{\phi_s: s\in \mathbb{R}\}$. The indexing parameter $s$ is the tangent of the quaternionic angular invariant of a triple of points in $\partial \mathbf{H}_{\mathbb{h}}^2$ forming this ideal triangle. We show that if $s \gt \sqrt{125/3}$ then $\phi_s$ is not a discrete embedding, and if $s \leq \sqrt{35}$ then $\phi_s$ is a discrete embedding. Keywords:quaternionic inversion, ideal triangle group, quaternionic Cartan angular invariantCategories:20F67, 22E40, 30F40

5. CMB 2016 (vol 59 pp. 392)

Prajapati, S. K.; Sarma, R.
 Total Character of a Group $G$ with $(G,Z(G))$ as a Generalized Camina Pair We investigate whether the total character of a finite group $G$ is a polynomial in a suitable irreducible character of $G$. When $(G,Z(G))$ is a generalized Camina pair, we show that the total character is a polynomial in a faithful irreducible character of $G$ if and only if $Z(G)$ is cyclic. Keywords:finite groups, group characters, total charactersCategory:20C15

6. CMB 2015 (vol 59 pp. 170)

Martínez-Pedroza, Eduardo
 A Note on Fine Graphs and Homological Isoperimetric Inequalities In the framework of homological characterizations of relative hyperbolicity, Groves and Manning posed the question of whether a simply connected $2$-complex $X$ with a linear homological isoperimetric inequality, a bound on the length of attaching maps of $2$-cells and finitely many $2$-cells adjacent to any edge must have a fine $1$-skeleton. We provide a positive answer to this question. We revisit a homological characterization of relative hyperbolicity, and show that a group $G$ is hyperbolic relative to a collection of subgroups $\mathcal P$ if and only if $G$ acts cocompactly with finite edge stabilizers on an connected $2$-dimensional cell complex with a linear homological isoperimetric inequality and $\mathcal P$ is a collection of representatives of conjugacy classes of vertex stabilizers. Keywords:isoperimetric functions, Dehn functions, hyperbolic groupsCategories:20F67, 05C10, 20J05, 57M60

7. CMB 2015 (vol 59 pp. 123)

Jensen, Gerd; Pommerenke, Christian
 Discrete Space-time and Lorentz Transformations Alfred Schild has established conditions that Lorentz transformations map world-vectors $(ct,x,y,z)$ with integer coordinates onto vectors of the same kind. The problem was dealt with in the context of tensor and spinor calculus. Due to Schild's number-theoretic arguments, the subject is also interesting when isolated from its physical background. The paper of Schild is not easy to understand. Therefore we first present a streamlined version of his proof which is based on the use of null vectors. Then we present a purely algebraic proof that is somewhat shorter. Both proofs rely on the properties of Gaussian integers. Keywords:Lorentz transformation, integer lattice, Gaussian integersCategories:22E43, 20H99, 83A05

8. CMB 2015 (vol 58 pp. 799)

Kong, Qingjun; Guo, Xiuyun
 On $s$-semipermutable or $s$-quasinormally Embedded Subgroups of Finite Groups Suppose that $G$ is a finite group and $H$ is a subgroup of $G$. $H$ is said to be $s$-semipermutable in $G$ if $HG_{p}=G_{p}H$ for any Sylow $p$-subgroup $G_{p}$ of $G$ with $(p,|H|)=1$; $H$ is said to be $s$-quasinormally embedded in $G$ if for each prime $p$ dividing the order of $H$, a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $H$ is also a Sylow $p$-subgroup of some $s$-quasinormal subgroup of $G$. We fix in every non-cyclic Sylow subgroup $P$ of $G$ some subgroup $D$ satisfying $1\lt |D|\lt |P|$ and study the structure of $G$ under the assumption that every subgroup $H$ of $P$ with $|H|=|D|$ is either $s$-semipermutable or $s$-quasinormally embedded in $G$. Some recent results are generalized and unified. Keywords:$s$-semipermutable subgroup, $s$-quasinormally embedded subgroup, saturated formation.Categories:20D10, 20D20

9. CMB 2015 (vol 59 pp. 36)

Donovan, Diane M.; Griggs, Terry S.; McCourt, Thomas A.; Opršal, Jakub; Stanovský, David
 Distributive and Anti-distributive Mendelsohn Triple Systems We prove that the existence spectrum of Mendelsohn triple systems whose associated quasigroups satisfy distributivity corresponds to the Loeschian numbers, and provide some enumeration results. We do this by considering a description of the quasigroups in terms of commutative Moufang loops. In addition we provide constructions of Mendelsohn quasigroups that fail distributivity for as many combinations of elements as possible. These systems are analogues of Hall triple systems and anti-mitre Steiner triple systems respectively. Keywords:Mendelsohn triple system, quasigroup, distributive, Moufang loop, Loeschian numbersCategories:20N05, 05B07

10. CMB 2015 (vol 58 pp. 538)

Li, Lili; Chen, Guiyun
 Minimal Non Self Dual Groups A group $G$ is self dual if every subgroup of $G$ is isomorphic to a quotient of $G$ and every quotient of $G$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of $G$. It is minimal non-self dual if every proper subgroup of $G$ is self dual but $G$ is not self dual. In this paper, the structure of minimal non-self dual groups is determined. Keywords:minimal non-self dual group, finite group, metacyclic group, metabelian groupCategory:20D15

11. CMB 2015 (vol 58 pp. 497)

Edmunds, Charles C.
 Constructing Double Magma on Groups Using Commutation Operations A magma $(M,\star)$ is a nonempty set with a binary operation. A double magma $(M, \star, \bullet)$ is a nonempty set with two binary operations satisfying the interchange law, $(w \star x) \bullet (y\star z)=(w\bullet y)\star(x \bullet z)$. We call a double magma proper if the two operations are distinct and commutative if the operations are commutative. A double semigroup, first introduced by Kock, is a double magma for which both operations are associative. Given a non-trivial group $G$ we define a system of two magma $(G,\star,\bullet)$ using the commutator operations $x \star y = [x,y](=x^{-1}y^{-1}xy)$ and $x\bullet y = [y,x]$. We show that $(G,\star,\bullet)$ is a double magma if and only if $G$ satisfies the commutator laws $[x,y;x,z]=1$ and $[w,x;y,z]^{2}=1$. We note that the first law defines the class of 3-metabelian groups. If both these laws hold in $G$, the double magma is proper if and only if there exist $x_0,y_0 \in G$ for which $[x_0,y_0]^2 \not= 1$. This double magma is a double semigroup if and only if $G$ is nilpotent of class two. We construct a specific example of a proper double semigroup based on the dihedral group of order 16. In addition we comment on a similar construction for rings using Lie commutators. Keywords:double magma, double semigroups, 3-metabelianCategories:20E10, 20M99

12. CMB 2015 (vol 58 pp. 363)

Sharma, R. K.; Sidana, Swati
 Finite Semisimple Loop Algebras of Indecomposable $RA$ Loops There are at the most seven classes of finite indecomposable $RA$ loops upto isomorphism. In this paper, we completely characterize the structure of the unit loop of loop algebras of these seven classes of loops over finite fields of characteristic greater than $2$. Keywords:unit loop, loop algebra, indecomposable $RA$ loopsCategories:20N05, 17D05

13. CMB 2015 (vol 58 pp. 233)

Bergen, Jeffrey
 Affine Actions of $U_q(sl(2))$ on Polynomial Rings We classify the affine actions of $U_q(sl(2))$ on commutative polynomial rings in $m \ge 1$ variables. We show that, up to scalar multiplication, there are two possible actions. In addition, for each action, the subring of invariants is a polynomial ring in either $m$ or $m-1$ variables, depending upon whether $q$ is or is not a root of $1$. Keywords:skew derivation, quantum group, invariantsCategories:16T20, 17B37, 20G42

14. CMB 2014 (vol 58 pp. 105)

 On Graphs Associated with Character Degrees and Conjugacy Class Sizes of Direct Products of Finite Groups The prime vertex graph, $\Delta (X)$, and the common divisor graph, $\Gamma (X)$, are two graphs that have been defined on a set of positive integers $X$. Some properties of these graphs have been studied in the cases where either $X$ is the set of character degrees of a group or $X$ is the set of conjugacy class sizes of a group. In this paper, we gather some results on these graphs arising in the context of direct product of two groups. Keywords:prime vertex graph, common divisor graph, character degree, class sizes, graph operationCategories:20E45, 05C25, 05C76

15. CMB 2014 (vol 58 pp. 182)

Tărnăuceanu, Marius
 On Finite Groups with Dismantlable Subgroup Lattices In this note we study the finite groups whose subgroup lattices are dismantlable. Keywords:finite groups, subgroup lattices, dismantlable lattices, planar lattices, crownsCategories:20D30, 20D60, 20E15

16. CMB 2014 (vol 58 pp. 196)

Yang, Qingjie; Zhong, Weiting
 Dihedral Groups of order $2p$ of Automorphisms of Compact Riemann Surfaces of Genus $p-1$ In this paper we prove that there is only one conjugacy class of dihedral group of order $2p$ in the $2(p-1)\times 2(p-1)$ integral symplectic group can be realized by an analytic automorphism group of compact connected Riemann surfaces of genus $p-1$. A pair of representative generators of the realizable class is also given. Keywords:dihedral group, automorphism group, Riemann surface, integral symplectic matrix, fundamental domainCategories:20H25, 57M60

17. CMB 2014 (vol 57 pp. 884)

Xu, Yong; Zhang, Xinjian
 $m$-embedded Subgroups and $p$-nilpotency of Finite Groups Let $A$ be a subgroup of a finite group $G$ and $\Sigma : G_0\leq G_1\leq\cdots \leq G_n$ some subgroup series of $G$. Suppose that for each pair $(K,H)$ such that $K$ is a maximal subgroup of $H$ and $G_{i-1}\leq K \lt H\leq G_i$, for some $i$, either $A\cap H = A\cap K$ or $AH = AK$. Then $A$ is said to be $\Sigma$-embedded in $G$; $A$ is said to be $m$-embedded in $G$ if $G$ has a subnormal subgroup $T$ and a $\{1\leq G\}$-embedded subgroup $C$ in $G$ such that $G = AT$ and $T\cap A\leq C\leq A$. In this article, some sufficient conditions for a finite group $G$ to be $p$-nilpotent are given whenever all subgroups with order $p^{k}$ of a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $G$ are $m$-embedded for a given positive integer $k$. Keywords:finite group, $p$-nilpotent group, $m$-embedded subgroupCategories:20D10, 20D15

18. CMB 2014 (vol 57 pp. 621)

Petrich, Mario
 Combinatorially Factorizable Cryptic Inverse Semigroups An inverse semigroup $S$ is combinatorially factorizable if $S=TG$ where $T$ is a combinatorial (i.e., $\mathcal{H}$ is the equality relation) inverse subsemigroup of $S$ and $G$ is a subgroup of $S$. This concept was introduced and studied by Mills, especially in the case when $S$ is cryptic (i.e., $\mathcal{H}$ is a congruence on $S$). Her approach is mainly analytical considering subsemigroups of a cryptic inverse semigroup. We start with a combinatorial inverse monoid and a factorizable Clifford monoid and from an action of the former on the latter construct the semigroups in the title. As a special case, we consider semigroups which are direct products of a combinatorial inverse monoid and a group. Keywords:inverse semigroup, cryptic semigroupCategory:20M18

19. CMB 2014 (vol 57 pp. 708)

Brannan, Michael
 Strong Asymptotic Freeness for Free Orthogonal Quantum Groups It is known that the normalized standard generators of the free orthogonal quantum group $O_N^+$ converge in distribution to a free semicircular system as $N \to \infty$. In this note, we substantially improve this convergence result by proving that, in addition to distributional convergence, the operator norm of any non-commutative polynomial in the normalized standard generators of $O_N^+$ converges as $N \to \infty$ to the operator norm of the corresponding non-commutative polynomial in a standard free semicircular system. Analogous strong convergence results are obtained for the generators of free unitary quantum groups. As applications of these results, we obtain a matrix-coefficient version of our strong convergence theorem, and we recover a well known $L^2$-$L^\infty$ norm equivalence for non-commutative polynomials in free semicircular systems. Keywords:quantum groups, free probability, asymptotic free independence, strong convergence, property of rapid decayCategories:46L54, 20G42, 46L65

20. CMB 2014 (vol 57 pp. 648)

Tang, Juping; Miao, Long
 On the ${\mathcal F}{\Phi}$-Hypercentre of Finite Groups Let $G$ be a finite group, $\mathcal F$ a class of groups. Then $Z_{{\mathcal F}{\Phi}}(G)$ is the ${\mathcal F}{\Phi}$-hypercentre of $G$ which is the product of all normal subgroups of $G$ whose non-Frattini $G$-chief factors are $\mathcal F$-central in $G$. A subgroup $H$ is called $\mathcal M$-supplemented in a finite group $G$, if there exists a subgroup $B$ of $G$ such that $G=HB$ and $H_1B$ is a proper subgroup of $G$ for any maximal subgroup $H_1$ of $H$. The main purpose of this paper is to prove: Let $E$ be a normal subgroup of a group $G$. Suppose that every noncyclic Sylow subgroup $P$ of $F^{*}(E)$ has a subgroup $D$ such that $1\lt |D|\lt |P|$ and every subgroup $H$ of $P$ with order $|H|=|D|$ is $\mathcal M$-supplemented in $G$, then $E\leq Z_{{\mathcal U}{\Phi}}(G)$. Keywords:${\mathcal F}{\Phi}$-hypercentre, Sylow subgroups, $\mathcal M$-supplemented subgroups, formationCategories:20D10, 20D20

21. CMB 2014 (vol 57 pp. 277)

Elkholy, A. M.; El-Latif, M. H. Abd
 On Mutually $m$-permutable Product of Smooth Groups Let $G$ be a finite group and $H$, $K$ two subgroups of G. A group $G$ is said to be a mutually m-permutable product of $H$ and $K$ if $G=HK$ and every maximal subgroup of $H$ permutes with $K$ and every maximal subgroup of $K$ permutes with $H$. In this paper, we investigate the structure of a finite group which is a mutually m-permutable product of two subgroups under the assumption that its maximal subgroups are totally smooth. Keywords:permutable subgroups, $m$-permutable, smooth groups, subgroup latticesCategories:20D10, 20D20, 20E15, 20F16

22. CMB 2014 (vol 57 pp. 390)

Morita, Jun; Rémy, Bertrand
 Simplicity of Some Twin Tree Automorphism Groups with Trivial Commutation Relations We prove simplicity for incomplete rank 2 Kac-Moody groups over algebraic closures of finite fields with trivial commutation relations between root groups corresponding to prenilpotent pairs. We don't use the (yet unknown) simplicity of the corresponding finitely generated groups (i.e., when the ground field is finite). Nevertheless we use the fact that the latter groups are just infinite (modulo center). Keywords:Kac-Moody group, twin tree, simplicity, root system, buildingCategories:20G44, 20E42, 51E24

23. CMB 2014 (vol 57 pp. 231)

Bagherian, J.
 On the Multiplicities of Characters in Table Algebras In this paper we show that every module of a table algebra can be considered as a faithful module of some quotient table algebra. Also we prove that every faithful module of a table algebra determines a closed subset which is a cyclic group. As a main result we give some information about multiplicities of characters in table algebras. Keywords:table algebra, faithful module, multiplicity of characterCategories:20C99, 16G30

24. CMB 2013 (vol 57 pp. 506)

Galindo, César
 On Braided and Ribbon Unitary Fusion Categories We prove that every braiding over a unitary fusion category is unitary and every unitary braided fusion category admits a unique unitary ribbon structure. Keywords:fusion categories, braided categories, modular categoriesCategories:20F36, 16W30, 18D10

25. CMB 2013 (vol 57 pp. 449)

Alaghmandan, Mahmood; Choi, Yemon; Samei, Ebrahim
 ZL-amenability Constants of Finite Groups with Two Character Degrees We calculate the exact amenability constant of the centre of $\ell^1(G)$ when $G$ is one of the following classes of finite group: dihedral; extraspecial; or Frobenius with abelian complement and kernel. This is done using a formula which applies to all finite groups with two character degrees. In passing, we answer in the negative a question raised in work of the third author with Azimifard and Spronk (J. Funct. Anal. 2009). Keywords:center of group algebras, characters, character degrees, amenability constant, Frobenius group, extraspecial groupsCategories:43A20, 20C15
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