We determine the best constants $C_{p,\infty}$ and $C_{1,p}$, $1 < p < \infty$, for which the following holds. If $u$, $v$ are orthogonal harmonic functions on a Euclidean domain such that $v$ is differentially subordinate to $u$, then $$ \|v\|_p \leq C_{p,\infty} \|u\|_\infty,\quad \|v\|_1 \leq C_{1,p} \|u\|_p. $$ In particular, the inequalities are still sharp for the conjugate harmonic functions on the unit disc of $\mathbb R^2$. Sharp probabilistic versions of these estimates are also studied. As an application, we establish a sharp version of the classical logarithmic inequality of Zygmund.

Using the time change method we show how to construct a solution to the stochastic equation $dX_t=b(X_{t-})dZ_t+a(X_t)dt$ with a nonnegative drift $a$ provided there exists a solution to the auxililary equation $dL_t=[a^{-1/\alpha}b](L_{t-})d\bar Z_t+dt$ where $Z, \bar Z$ are two symmetric stable processes of the same index $\alpha\in(0,2]$. This approach allows us to prove the existence of solutions for both stochastic equations for the values $0<\alpha<1$ and only measurable coefficients $a$ and $b$ satisfying some conditions of boundedness. The existence proof for the auxililary equation uses the method of integral estimates in the sense of Krylov.

We give a new characterization of Hardy martingale cotype property of complex quasi-Banach space by using the existence of a kind of plurisubharmonic functions. We also characterize the best constants of Hardy martingale inequalities with values in the complex quasi-Banach space.

We shall study some connection between averaging operators and martingale inequalities in rearrangement invariant function spaces. In Section~2 the equivalence between Shimogaki's theorem and some martingale inequalities will be established, and in Section~3 the equivalence between Boyd's theorem and martingale inequalities with change of probability measure will be established.