In this paper we study several non-Riemannian quantities in Finsler geometry. These non-Riemannian quantities play an important role in understanding the geometric properties of Finsler metrics. In particular, we study a new non-Riemannian quantity defined by the S-curvature. We show some relationships among the flag curvature, the S-curvature, and the new non-Riemannian quantity.

Randers metrics are a special class of Finsler metrics. Every Randers metric can be expressed in terms of a Riemannian metric and a vector field via Zermelo navigation. In this paper, we show that a Randers metric has constant scalar curvature if the Riemannian metric has constant scalar curvature and the vector field is homothetic.

Some families of Randers metrics of scalar flag curvature are studied in this paper. Explicit examples that are neither locally projectively flat nor of isotropic $S$-curvature are given. Certain Randers metrics with Einstein $\alpha$ are considered and proved to be complex. Three dimensional Randers manifolds, with $\alpha$ having constant scalar curvature, are studied.

The solutions to Hilbert's Fourth Problem in the regular case are projectively flat Finsler metrics. In this paper, we consider the so-called $(\alpha,\beta)$-metrics defined by a Riemannian metric $\alpha$ and a $1$-form $\beta$, and find a necessary and sufficient condition for such metrics to be projectively flat in dimension $n \geq 3$.

In this paper, we prove a global rigidity theorem for negatively curved Finsler metrics on a compact manifold of dimension $n \geq 3$. We show that for such a Finsler manifold, if the flag curvature is a scalar function on the tangent bundle, then the Finsler metric is of Randers type. We also study the case when the Finsler metric is locally projectively flat