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Search: MSC category 11K16 ( Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. [See also 11A63] )

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1. CMB 2014 (vol 58 pp. 160)

Pollack, Paul; Vandehey, Joseph
 Some Normal Numbers Generated by Arithmetic Functions Let $g \geq 2$. A real number is said to be $g$-normal if its base $g$ expansion contains every finite sequence of digits with the expected limiting frequency. Let $\phi$ denote Euler's totient function, let $\sigma$ be the sum-of-divisors function, and let $\lambda$ be Carmichael's lambda-function. We show that if $f$ is any function formed by composing $\phi$, $\sigma$, or $\lambda$, then the number $0. f(1) f(2) f(3) \dots$ obtained by concatenating the base $g$ digits of successive $f$-values is $g$-normal. We also prove the same result if the inputs $1, 2, 3, \dots$ are replaced with the primes $2, 3, 5, \dots$. The proof is an adaptation of a method introduced by Copeland and ErdÅs in 1946 to prove the $10$-normality of $0.235711131719\ldots$. Keywords:normal number, Euler function, sum-of-divisors function, Carmichael lambda-function, Champernowne's numberCategories:11K16, 11A63, 11N25, 11N37

2. CMB Online first

Pollack, Paul; Vandehey, Joseph
 Some normal numbers generated by arithmetic functions Let $g \geq 2$. A real number is said to be $g$-normal if its base $g$ expansion contains every finite sequence of digits with the expected limiting frequency. Let $\phi$ denote Euler's totient function, let $\sigma$ be the sum-of-divisors function, and let $\lambda$ be Carmichael's lambda-function. We show that if $f$ is any function formed by composing $\phi$, $\sigma$, or $\lambda$, then the number $0. f(1) f(2) f(3) \dots$ obtained by concatenating the base $g$ digits of successive $f$-values is $g$-normal. We also prove the same result if the inputs $1, 2, 3, \dots$ are replaced with the primes $2, 3, 5, \dots$. The proof is an adaptation of a method introduced by Copeland and ErdÅs in 1946 to prove the $10$-normality of $0.235711131719\ldots$. Keywords:normal number, Euler function, sum-of-divisors function, Carmichael lambda-function, Champernowne's numberCategories:11K16, 11A63, 11N25, 11N37

3. CMB 1998 (vol 41 pp. 125)

Boyd, David W.
 Uniform approximation to Mahler's measure in several variables If $f(x_1,\dots,x_k)$ is a polynomial with complex coefficients, the Mahler measure of $f$, $M(f)$ is defined to be the geometric mean of $|f|$ over the $k$-torus $\Bbb T^k$. We construct a sequence of approximations $M_n(f)$ which satisfy $-d2^{-n}\log 2 + \log M_n(f) \le \log M(f) \le \log M_n(f)$. We use these to prove that $M(f)$ is a continuous function of the coefficients of $f$ for polynomials of fixed total degree $d$. Since $M_n(f)$ can be computed in a finite number of arithmetic operations from the coefficients of $f$ this also demonstrates an effective (but impractical) method for computing $M(f)$ to arbitrary accuracy. Categories:11R06, 11K16, 11Y99
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