Combinatorial structures that compose and decompose give rise to Hopf monoids in Joyal's category of species. The Hadamard product of two Hopf monoids is another Hopf monoid. We prove two main results regarding freeness of Hadamard products. The first one states that if one factor is connected and the other is free as a monoid, their Hadamard product is free (and connected). The second provides an explicit basis for the Hadamard product when both factors are free. The first main result is obtained by showing the existence of a one-parameter deformation of the comonoid structure and appealing to a rigidity result of Loday and Ronco that applies when the parameter is set to zero. To obtain the second result, we introduce an operation on species that is intertwined by the free monoid functor with the Hadamard product. As an application of the first result, we deduce that the Boolean transform of the dimension sequence of a connected Hopf monoid is nonnegative.

"Co-Frobenius" coalgebras were introduced as dualizations of Frobenius algebras. We previously showed that they admit left-right symmetric characterizations analogue to those of Frobenius algebras. We consider the more general quasi-co-Frobenius (QcF) coalgebras; the first main result in this paper is that these also admit symmetric characterizations: a coalgebra is QcF if it is weakly isomorphic to its (left, or right) rational dual $Rat(C^*)$, in the sense that certain coproduct or product powers of these objects are isomorphic. Fundamental results of Hopf algebras, such as the equivalent characterizations of Hopf algebras with nonzero integrals as left (or right) co-Frobenius, QcF, semiperfect or with nonzero rational dual, as well as the uniqueness of integrals and a short proof of the bijectivity of the antipode for such Hopf algebras all follow as a consequence of these results. This gives a purely representation theoretic approach to many of the basic fundamental results in the theory of Hopf algebras. Furthermore, we introduce a general concept of Frobenius algebra, which makes sense for infinite dimensional and for topological algebras, and specializes to the classical notion in the finite case. This will be a topological algebra $A$ that is isomorphic to its complete topological dual $A^\vee$. We show that $A$ is a (quasi)Frobenius algebra if and only if $A$ is the dual $C^*$ of a (quasi)co-Frobenius coalgebra $C$. We give many examples of co-Frobenius coalgebras and Hopf algebras connected to category theory, homological algebra and the newer q-homological algebra, topology or graph theory, showing the importance of the concept.

Following Radford's proof of Lagrange's theorem for pointed Hopf algebras, we prove Lagrange's theorem for Hopf monoids in the category of connected species. As a corollary, we obtain necessary conditions for a given subspecies $\mathbf k$ of a Hopf monoid $\mathbf h$ to be a Hopf submonoid: the quotient of any one of the generating series of $\mathbf h$ by the corresponding generating series of $\mathbf k$ must have nonnegative coefficients. Other corollaries include a necessary condition for a sequence of nonnegative integers to be the dimension sequence of a Hopf monoid in the form of certain polynomial inequalities, and of a set-theoretic Hopf monoid in the form of certain linear inequalities. The latter express that the binomial transform of the sequence must be nonnegative.

This paper gives a characterization of homotopy fibres of inverse image maps on groupoids of torsors that are induced by geometric morphisms, in terms of both pointed torsors and pointed cocycles, suitably defined. Cocycle techniques are used to give a complete description of such fibres, when the underlying geometric morphism is the canonical stalk on the classifying topos of a profinite group $G$. If the torsors in question are defined with respect to a constant group $H$, then the path components of the fibre can be identified with the set of continuous maps from the profinite group $G$ to the group $H$. More generally, when $H$ is not constant, this set of path components is the set of continuous maps from a pro-object in sheaves of groupoids to $H$, which pro-object can be viewed as a ``Grothendieck fundamental groupoid".

Generalized étale homotopy pro-groups $\pi_1^{\operatorname{ét}}(ċ{C}, x)$ associated with pointed, connected, small Grothendieck sites $(\mathcal{C}, x)$ are defined, and their relationship to Galois theory and the theory of pointed torsors for discrete groups is explained.
Applications include new rigorous proofs of some folklore results around $\pi_1^{\operatorname{ét}}(ét(X), x)$, a description of Grothendieck's short exact sequence for Galois descent in terms of pointed torsor trivializations, and a new étale van Kampen theorem that gives a simple statement about a pushout square of pro-groups that works for covering families that do not necessarily consist exclusively of monomorphisms. A corresponding van Kampen result for Grothendieck's profinite groups $\pi_1^{\mathrm{Gal}}$ immediately follows.

We show that the bicategory of (representable) orbifolds and good maps is equivalent to the bicategory of orbifold translation groupoids and generalized equivariant maps, giving a mechanism for transferring results from equivariant homotopy theory to the orbifold category. As an application, we use this result to define orbifold versions of a couple of equivariant cohomology theories: K-theory and Bredon cohomology for certain coefficient diagrams.

In this article we study injective representations of infinite quivers. We classify the indecomposable injective representations of trees and describe Gorenstein injective and projective representations of barren trees.

We define a family of formal Khovanov brackets of a colored link depending on two parameters. The isomorphism classes of these brackets are invariants of framed colored links. The Bar-Natan functors applied to these brackets produce Khovanov and Lee homology theories categorifying the colored Jones polynomial. Further, we study conditions under which framed colored link cobordisms induce chain transformations between our formal brackets. We conjecture that for special choice of parameters, Khovanov and Lee homology theories of colored links are functorial (up to sign). Finally, we extend the Rasmussen invariant to links and give examples where this invariant is a stronger obstruction to sliceness than the multivariable Levine--Tristram signature.

We prove that for a topological operad $P$ the operad of oriented cubical singular chains, $C^{\ord}_\ast(P)$, and the operad of simplicial singular chains, $S_\ast(P)$, are weakly equivalent. As a consequence, $C^{\ord}_\ast(P\nsemi\mathbb{Q})$ is formal if and only if $S_\ast(P\nsemi\mathbb{Q})$ is formal, thus linking together some formality results which are spread out in the literature. The proof is based on an acyclic models theorem for monoidal functors. We give different variants of the acyclic models theorem and apply the contravariant case to study the cohomology theories for simplicial sets defined by $R$-simplicial differential graded algebras.

In previous papers, Barr and Raphael investigated the situation of a topological space $Y$ and a subspace $X$ such that the induced map $C(Y)\to C(X)$ is an epimorphism in the category $\CR$ of commutative rings (with units). We call such an embedding a $\CR$-epic embedding and we say that $X$ is absolute $\CR$-epic if every embedding of $X$ is $\CR$-epic. We continue this investigation. Our most notable result shows that a Lindel\"of space $X$ is absolute $\CR$-epic if a countable intersection of $\beta X$-neighbourhoods of $X$ is a $\beta X$-neighbourhood of $X$. This condition is stable under countable sums, the formation of closed subspaces, cozero-subspaces, and being the domain or codomain of a perfect map. A strengthening of the Lindel\"of property leads to a new class with the same closure properties that is also closed under finite products. Moreover, all \s-compact spaces and all Lindel\"of $P$-spaces satisfy this stronger condition. We get some results in the non-Lindel\"of case that are sufficient to show that the Dieudonn\'e plank and some closely related spaces are absolute $\CR$-epic.

We study Tychonoff spaces $X$ with the property that, for all topological embeddings $X\to Y $, the induced map $C(Y) \to C(X)$ is an epimorphism of rings. Such spaces are called \good. The simplest examples of \good spaces are $\sigma$-compact locally compact spaces and \Lin $P$-spaces. We show that \good first countable spaces must be locally compact. However, a ``bad'' class of \good spaces is exhibited whose pathology settles, in the negative, a number of open questions. Spaces which are not \good abound, and some are presented.

We develop an explicit skein-theoretical algorithm to compute the Alexander polynomial of a 3-manifold from a surgery presentation employing the methods used in the construction of quantum invariants of 3-manifolds. As a prerequisite we establish and prove a rather unexpected equivalence between the topological quantum field theory constructed by Frohman and Nicas using the homology of $U(1)$-representation varieties on the one side and the combinatorially constructed Hennings TQFT based on the quasitriangular Hopf algebra $\mathcal{N} = \mathbb{Z}/2 \ltimes \bigwedge^* \mathbb{R}^2$ on the other side. We find that both TQFT's are $\SL (2,\mathbb{R})$-equivariant functors and, as such, are isomorphic. The $\SL (2,\mathbb{R})$-action in the Hennings construction comes from the natural action on $\mathcal{N}$ and in the case of the Frohman--Nicas theory from the Hard--Lefschetz decomposition of the $U(1)$-moduli spaces given that they are naturally K\"ahler. The irreducible components of this TQFT, corresponding to simple representations of $\SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ and $\Sp(2g,\mathbb{Z})$, thus yield a large family of homological TQFT's by taking sums and products. We give several examples of TQFT's and invariants that appear to fit into this family, such as Milnor and Reidemeister Torsion, Seiberg--Witten theories, Casson type theories for homology circles {\it \`a la} Donaldson, higher rank gauge theories following Frohman and Nicas, and the $\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$ reductions of Reshetikhin--Turaev theories over the cyclotomic integers $\mathbb{Z} [\zeta_p]$. We also conjecture that the Hennings TQFT for quantum-$\mathfrak{sl}_2$ is the product of the Reshetikhin--Turaev TQFT and such a homological TQFT.

Let $X$ be a separated finite type scheme over a noetherian base ring $\mathbb{K}$. There is a complex $\widehat{\mathcal{C}}^{\cdot} (X)$ of topological $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules, called the complete Hochschild chain complex of $X$. To any $\mathcal{O}_X$-module $\mathcal{M}$---not necessarily quasi-coherent---we assign the complex $\mathcal{H}om^{\cont}_{\mathcal{O}_X} \bigl( \widehat{\mathcal{C}}^{\cdot} (X), \mathcal{M} \bigr)$ of continuous Hochschild cochains with values in $\mathcal{M}$. Our first main result is that when $X$ is smooth over $\mathbb{K}$ there is a functorial isomorphism $$ \mathcal{H}om^{\cont}_{\mathcal{O}_X} \bigl( \widehat{\mathcal{C}}^{\cdot} (X), \mathcal{M} \bigr) \cong \R \mathcal{H}om_{\mathcal{O}_{X^2}} (\mathcal{O}_X, \mathcal{M}) $$ in the derived category $\mathsf{D} (\Mod \mathcal{O}_{X^2})$, where $X^2 := X \times_{\mathbb{K}} X$. The second main result is that if $X$ is smooth of relative dimension $n$ and $n!$ is invertible in $\mathbb{K}$, then the standard maps $\pi \colon \widehat{\mathcal{C}}^{-q} (X) \to \Omega^q_{X/ \mathbb{K}}$ induce a quasi-isomorphism $$ \mathcal{H}om_{\mathcal{O}_X} \Bigl( \bigoplus_q \Omega^q_{X/ \mathbb{K}} [q], \mathcal{M} \Bigr) \to \mathcal{H}om^{\cont}_{\mathcal{O}_X} \bigl( \widehat{\mathcal{C}}^{\cdot} (X), \mathcal{M} \bigr). $$ When $\mathcal{M} = \mathcal{O}_X$ this is the quasi-isomorphism underlying the Kontsevich Formality Theorem. Combining the two results above we deduce a decomposition of the global Hochschild cohomology $$ \Ext^i_{\mathcal{O}_{X^2}} (\mathcal{O}_X, \mathcal{M}) \cong \bigoplus_q \H^{i-q} \Bigl( X, \bigl( \bigwedge^q_{\mathcal{O}_X} \mathcal{T}_{X/\mathbb{K}} \bigr) \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} \mathcal{M} \Bigr), $$ where $\mathcal{T}_{X/\mathbb{K}}$ is the relative tangent sheaf.

In this paper, we investigate projectivity in the category of operator spaces. In particular, we show that the Fourier algebra of a locally compact group $G$ is operator biprojective if and only if $G$ is discrete.

In this article we state and prove precise theorems on the homotopy classification of graded categorical groups and their homomorphisms. The results use equivariant group cohomology, and they are applied to show a treatment of the general equivariant group extension problem.

For every integer $n>1$ and infinite field $F$ we construct a spectral sequence converging to the homology of $\GL_n(F)$ relative to the group of monomial matrices $\GM_n(F)$. Some entries in $E^2$-terms of these spectral sequences may be interpreted as a natural generalization of the Bloch group to higher dimensions. These groups may be characterized as homology of $\GL_n$ relatively to $\GL_{n-1}$ and $\GM_n$. We apply the machinery developed to the investigation of stabilization maps in homology of General Linear Groups.

In this paper we show that for a Grothendieck category $\A$ and a complex $E$ in $\CC(\A)$ there is an associated localization endofunctor $\ell$ in $\D(\A)$. This means that $\ell$ is idempotent (in a natural way) and that the objects that go to 0 by $\ell$ are those of the smallest localizing (= triangulated and stable for coproducts) subcategory of $\D(\A)$ that contains $E$. As applications, we construct K-injective resolutions for complexes of objects of $\A$ and derive Brown representability for $\D(\A)$ from the known result for $\D(R\text{-}\mathbf{mod})$, where $R$ is a ring with unit.

It is shown that a morphism of quivers having a certain path lifting property has a decomposition that mimics the decomposition of maps of topological spaces into homotopy equivalences composed with fibrations. Such a decomposition enables one to describe the right adjoint of the restriction of the representation functor along a morphism of quivers having this path lifting property. These right adjoint functors are used to construct injective representations of quivers. As an application, the injective representations of the cyclic quivers are classified when the base ring is left noetherian. In particular, the indecomposable injective representations are described in terms of the injective indecomposable $R$-modules and the injective indecomposable $R[x,x^{-1}]$-modules.

We settle a conjecture of Goresky, Kottwitz and MacPherson related to Koszul duality, \ie, to the correspondence between differential graded modules over the exterior algebra and those over the symmetric algebra.

Most extant localization theories for spaces, spectra and diagrams of such can be derived from a simple list of axioms which are verified in broad generality. Several new theories are introduced, including localizations for simplicial presheaves and presheaves of spectra at homology theories represented by presheaves of spectra, and a theory of localization along a geometric topos morphism. The $f$-localization concept has an analog for simplicial presheaves, and specializes to the $\hbox{\Bbbvii A}^1$-local theory of Morel-Voevodsky. This theory answers a question of Soul\'e concerning integral homology localizations for diagrams of spaces.